Journal: BioMedical Engineering OnLine

Article Title: Synergistic effects of dexamethasone and vitamins D and K on mesenchymal stem cell differentiation

doi: 10.1186/s12938-026-01556-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: Morphological changes in BM-MSCs during osteogenic differentiation over 28 days in media with different supplement compositions. Cells were differentiated in DM1–DM4 media. Cell morphology was assessed by bright-field microscopy on days 0, 7, 14, and 28. Representative images show progressive changes in cell shape and density indicative of osteogenic differentiation. Scale bar = 200 μm

Article Snippet: Normal human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) (ATCC PCS-500-012 TM ) (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) were used for experiments.

Techniques: Microscopy

Journal: BioMedical Engineering OnLine

Article Title: Synergistic effects of dexamethasone and vitamins D and K on mesenchymal stem cell differentiation

doi: 10.1186/s12938-026-01556-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: Von Kossa staining of BM-MSCs cultured for 28 days in different osteogenic media reveals varying degrees of mineralization. Cells were differentiated in DM1–DM4 media. Black precipitates indicate calcium phosphate deposits, demonstrating the extent of ECM mineralization. Scale bar = 500 μm

Article Snippet: Normal human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) (ATCC PCS-500-012 TM ) (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) were used for experiments.

Techniques: Staining, Cell Culture

Journal: BioMedical Engineering OnLine

Article Title: Synergistic effects of dexamethasone and vitamins D and K on mesenchymal stem cell differentiation

doi: 10.1186/s12938-026-01556-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: Alizarin Red staining of BM-MSCs cultured in different osteogenic media (DM1–DM4) at various time points reveals differences in calcium deposition. Cells were cultured for 7, 14, and 28 days in DM1–DM4 media. Red staining indicates the presence of calcium-rich deposits. The most extensive mineralization was observed in DM4, particularly on day 14 and 28, whereas DM2 (lacking DEX after day 7) showed the weakest staining. Scale bar = 200 μm

Article Snippet: Normal human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) (ATCC PCS-500-012 TM ) (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) were used for experiments.

Techniques: Staining, Cell Culture

Journal: BioMedical Engineering OnLine

Article Title: Synergistic effects of dexamethasone and vitamins D and K on mesenchymal stem cell differentiation

doi: 10.1186/s12938-026-01556-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: A Quantification of calcium deposition in BM-MSCs cultured in osteogenic media DM1–DM4 using Alizarin Red extraction. Absorbance was measured at 562 nm and expressed in arbitrary units. B ALP activity in BM-MSCs cultured in different osteogenic media (DM1–DM4) at various time points. ALP activity was normalized to total protein content and expressed as enzyme activity per milligram of protein per milliliter of lysate. All data represent means ± standard deviations from three independent biological replicates. Statistical significance was assessed using a two-tailed unpaired t -test and is indicated by asterisks (* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001).

Article Snippet: Normal human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) (ATCC PCS-500-012 TM ) (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) were used for experiments.

Techniques: Cell Culture, Extraction, Activity Assay, Two Tailed Test

Journal: BioMedical Engineering OnLine

Article Title: Synergistic effects of dexamethasone and vitamins D and K on mesenchymal stem cell differentiation

doi: 10.1186/s12938-026-01556-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: Visualization of actin cytoskeleton and mitochondrial network in BM-MSCs undergoing osteogenic differentiation in various media (DM1–DM4). Cells were stained with Phalloidin–TRITC (red) to visualize F-actin filaments and MitoTracker™ Red CMXRos (red) to detect mitochondria. Cell nuclei were counterstained with NucBlue™ (blue). Images were processed using ImageJ software (W. S. Rasband, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). Scale bar = 100 μm

Article Snippet: Normal human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) (ATCC PCS-500-012 TM ) (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) were used for experiments.

Techniques: Staining, Software

Journal: BioMedical Engineering OnLine

Article Title: Synergistic effects of dexamethasone and vitamins D and K on mesenchymal stem cell differentiation

doi: 10.1186/s12938-026-01556-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: Relative expression levels of osteogenic marker genes during BM-MSCs osteodifferentiation in different supplementation conditions. Transcript levels of A RUNX2 , B ALP , C OCN , and D BMP2 were measured by qRT-PCR at days 7, 14, and 28 in BM-MSCs cultured in osteogenic media DM1–DM4. Gene expression was normalized to the housekeeping gene GAPDH and expressed relative to undifferentiated control levels. All data are presented as means ± standard deviation from three biological replicates. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences (* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01; unpaired two-tailed t -test).

Article Snippet: Normal human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) (ATCC PCS-500-012 TM ) (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) were used for experiments.

Techniques: Expressing, Marker, Quantitative RT-PCR, Cell Culture, Gene Expression, Control, Standard Deviation, Two Tailed Test

Journal: BioMedical Engineering OnLine

Article Title: Synergistic effects of dexamethasone and vitamins D and K on mesenchymal stem cell differentiation

doi: 10.1186/s12938-026-01556-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: Overview of experimental workflow. Timeline of BM-MSCs culture, induction of osteogenic differentiation in four different media (DM1–DM4), and time points of sample collection. The diagram illustrates key methodological steps, including morphological assessment, von Kossa and Alizarin Red staining, ALP activity and total protein quantification, immunofluorescence staining (F-actin and mitochondria), and gene expression analysis by qRT-PCR. Sampling was performed at days 0, 7, 14, and 28, as indicated. Created in Biorender.com

Article Snippet: Normal human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) (ATCC PCS-500-012 TM ) (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) were used for experiments.

Techniques: Staining, Activity Assay, Immunofluorescence, Gene Expression, Quantitative RT-PCR, Sampling

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: VS-4718 enhances apoptosis induced by low-dose carfilzomib and overcomes carfilzomib resistance in PSMB5 -mutated proteasome inhibitor resistant multiple myeloma

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-43205-4

Figure Lengend Snippet: Impact of VS-4718 alone and in combination with carf on survival in seven MM cell lines. ( A – H ) MM cells were treated with 1 µM VS and moderate concentrations of carf alone and in combination. Suitable concentrations of carf were determined individually for each MM cell line. Survival was determined by Annexin V-647/PI staining and subsequent FACS analysis. ( A ) An experiment with the AMO-1 cell line was used to illustrate the gating strategy employed here and in further FACS experiments. ( B – H ) For the graphical representation, the annexin V/PI negative fraction was calculated relative to that in the DMSO-treated control sample (% annexin V/PI neg. cells rel. ctrl.). Bars represent mean ± SD of ≥ three independent experiments, except for KMS-12-BM (2 rounds). P -values were determined in an ordinary one-way ANOVA using Tukey’s multiple comparison test and depicted only for p < 0.05. Only statistical comparisons between DMSO control and treated cells as well as single drugs vs. drug combinations were depicted to focus on the relevant comparisons.

Article Snippet: The parental human multiple myeloma cells (pHMCLs) (L-363, AMO-1, U-266, KMS-12-BM, JJN.3 (DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany) KMS-11 (Japanese Collection of Research Bioresources (JCRB)), MM1.S (LGC Biolabs, Wesel, Germany)) which were derived from MM patients at different clinical stages and represent different molecular profiles , were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine and 1 mM sodium pyruvate .

Techniques: Staining, Control, Comparison